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And Nick Brown writes: Consider the fi rst study on the fi rst page of the first chapter of the fi rst Freakonomics book (Gneezy & Rustichini, 2ooo, "A Fine is a Price", 10.1o86/468o61), in which, when daycare centres in Israel started "fining" parents for arriving late to pick up their children, the amount of lateness actually went up. I have difficulty in believing that this study took place exactly as described; for example, the number of children in each centre appears to remain exactly the same throughout the 2o weeks of the study, with no mention of any new arrivals, dropouts, or days off due to illness or any other reason. Since noticing this, I have discovered that an Israeli economist named Ariel Rubinstein had similar concerns (https://arielrubinstein.tau.ac.il/papers/76.pdf. pp. 249–251). He contacted the authors, who promised to put him in touch with the staff of the daycare centres, but then sadly lost the list of their names. The paper has over 3,2oo citations on Google Scholar.

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