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Superspectra p factor Emotional dysfunction Psychosis Externalizing Somato- Thought Detach- Disinhibited Antagonistic Spectra Internalizing form disorder ment externalizing externalizing Sexual Eating Substance Antisocial Subfactors Fear Distress Mania problems pathology abuse behavior Empirical syndromes Symptom components and maladaptive traits HiTOP DSM Hypochon- Arousal Anorexia Agoraphobia Borderline Bipolar Mood Avoidant Substance- ADHD Borderline PD driasis difficulties PD I ánd ll disorders with PD Binge related OCD Antisocial PD Histrionic PD psychosis disorders IlIness Low desire eating Dysthymia Depen- Panic Conduct Narcissistic anxiety Paranoid PD dent PD Orgasmic Bulimia GAD problems PD Social phobia Somatic dysfunction Schizophrenia —Histrionic MDD IED Paranoid PD symptoms Specific spectrum PD Sexual pain phobia PTSD ODD Schizotypal Schizoid PD PD Figure 1 HiTOP model. DSM diagnoses are not included in the HiTOP model, but symptoms and signs that constitute them are in HiTOP. Dashed lines indicate dimensions included on a provisional basis. Emotional dysfunction, psychosis, and externalizing superspectra are hypothesized but not formally part of HiTOP at present. Symptoms of histrionic PD are negatively related to the detachment spectrum. Symptom components and maladaptive traits are listed in Kotov et al. (2017, figure 3). Abbreviations: ADHD, attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; HiTOP, Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology; IED, intermittent explosive disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; PD, personality disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.

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